Handwriting is a learned skill; sufficient instruction and practice is needed before it can be used as an effective tool of communication (Graham 2019). Handwriting requires that writers possess content to share, language to convey the information, and adequate control over a tool to transfer the message (Graham, 2019). Handwriting instruction was studied extensively over the last several decades (e.g., Cole, 2023; Dobbie and Askov, 1995; Graham 2015; Graham and Weintraub, 1996; Pulido and Pascale, 2022). Direct and structured teaching was found to be the best way to train students (Santangelo and Graham 2015). Although many different programs are available, handwriting instruction continues to be uneven in schools; some schools support the development of this skill very efficiently, while others do not (Graham, 2019; Morgan et al., 2021).
This presentation will review research exploring the effectiveness of handwriting instructional programs and common factors facilitating skill development, as ascertained by the different researchers (e.g., Cahill and Beisber, 2020; Grajo et al., 2020; Hoy et al., 2011). The presentation will reiterate the importance of collaboration between all professionals involved in creating competent writers, from classroom teachers and occupational therapy providers to school administrators and teacher training university programs. Crucial environmental aspects promoting handwriting development will be emphasized such that schools can make meaningful decisions on selecting the tools to establish successful writers.